初二下英语词组和语法

初二下英语词组和语法
初二下英语词组和语法

初二下英语词组和语法
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后.
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行.例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了.
3）在时间或条件句中.例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中.例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了.
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来.例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了.
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成：have（has） +过去分词.
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响.
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语.
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等,皆为具体的时间状语.
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语.
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等.
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know..
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市.
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌.
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影.
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B.
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时.
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用.即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的.
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度.例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了.
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时.
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作.）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作.）
注意：用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用.
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past
six）.例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿.
2） since +一段时间+ ago.例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了.
3） since +从句.例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了.
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了.
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句.例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了.
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用.例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作. （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了.（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……".例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来.
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点.
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述.再次,several
times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时.
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时.
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成. 那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句.例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时；发生在后,用一般过去时.例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…".例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来.
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as.例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了.
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时.句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生.因此前一句应用过去进行时.
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就…….例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我.
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就…….例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了.
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时.例如：
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了.
2 ） 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时.例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时.例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态.例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了.
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验.例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了.
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情.例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行.例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说.（说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态.）
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等.例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红.
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩.例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意.
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时.
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等.例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟.
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的.
2）表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等.例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助.
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深.
3）瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等.例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告.
4）系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等.例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累.
11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作.
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生.
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等.例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤.
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂.
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时.同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时.
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时".描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生.句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了."句中的 fell（fall的过去时）,是系动词,后跟形容词,如：fall sick.

第一册词组(共26个)
1．in English 用英语 2．how m 3．a piece of bread 一片而包
4．four cups of tea 四杯茶 5．a pair of shoes 一双鞋 6．play chess 下棋
7．run after 追逐 8．play foo...

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第一册词组(共26个)
1．in English 用英语 2．how m 3．a piece of bread 一片而包
4．four cups of tea 四杯茶 5．a pair of shoes 一双鞋 6．play chess 下棋
7．run after 追逐 8．play football 踢足球 9．be good at 擅长
10．on the basketabll team 在篮球队 11．scoot at the basket 投篮
12．the first us 第一班车 13．at eight 在八点 14．hurry up 快点
15．a quarter past ten 十点一刻 16．five to eleven 差五分十一点
17．the next train 下一趟火车 18．on Monday 在周一
19．a ticket for Shanghai 一张飞往上海的机票 20．at home 在家
21．a good idea 好主意 22．go skating 去滑 23．in the afternoon 在下午
24．in winter 在冬季 25．make a snowman 堆雪人 26. put on 穿上，戴上
第二册词组(共84个)
1．in Class One，Grade One 在一年级一班 2．play ball games 进行球类活动
3．read books 读书 4．in summer 在夏季 5．have one's class 上课
6．on the playground 在操场上 7．every day 每天 8．the first class 第一节课
9．be interested in 对…感兴趣 10．his friend 他的朋友 11．go to the zoo 去动物园
12．collet stamps 集邮 13．make model cars 制作汽车模型
14．take pictures 照相 15．grow roses 种植玫瑰 16. go fishing 去钓鱼
17．Chinese food 中国食物 18．my parents 我的父母
19．two American boys 两个美国男孩 20．a new student 一名新生
21．study English 学英语 22．thank you 谢谢 23．in China 在中国
24．speak Japanese 讲日语 25．very well 很好 26．only a little 只有一点
27．a department store 百货商店 28．of course 当然可以 29．try on 试穿
30．have a look at看一看 31．how much 多少钱 32．at the market 在市场里
33．do shopping 买东西 34．a post office 邮局 35．deliver letters 送信
36．take care of 照顾 37．run a machine 开机器 33．get up 起床
39．last year 去年 40．for a long time 很长时间 41．next year 明年
42．come back 回来 43．listen to music 听音乐
44．around the house 在房子周围 45．have a party 开聚会 46．have meals 吃饭
47．look for 寻找 48．the first floor 第一层 49，each of us 我们每个人
50．on the wall 在墙上 51．be far from 离……远 52．write to 给……写信
53．get up 起床 54．have breakfast(lunch, dinner, supper) 吃早饭(午饭，晚饭)
55．do one’s homework 做作业 56. go to bed 上床睡觉 57．watch TV 看电视
58．get to到达 59．at home 在家 60. prepare for 准备
6I．wake up 叫醒 61 come in 进来 62．go into 进入
63．take a shower 洗澡 64．comb one's hair 梳头 65．brush one's teeth 刷牙
66．say goodbye to 和……说再见 66 at night 在夜里 67．put on 穿上，戴上
68．take off 脱下，摘下 69．good night 晚安 70．wash hands 洗手
71．take a trip 旅游 72．in front of在前面
73．in the east(south, west, north) 在东边 74．by boat 乘船
75．in the middle 在中部 76．a map of China 一张中国地图
77．how about怎么样 78．walk through 走过
79．go down the street 沿着这条街走 80．excuse me 请原谅 81．at the end 在终点
82．turn left (right) 向左(右)转 83．want to do sth．想要做某事 84．next to 旁边，隔壁

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