澳大利亚的概况(英文版)

澳大利亚的概况(英文版)
澳大利亚的概况(英文版)

澳大利亚的概况(英文版)
The Commonwealth of Australia is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the world's smallest continent and a number of islands in the Southern,Indian and Pacific Oceans.Australia's neighbouring countries are Indonesia,East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north,the Solomon Islands,Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east,and New Zealand to the south-east.
The continent of Australia has been inhabited for over 40,000 years by Indigenous Australians.After sporadic visits by fishermen from the north and by European explorers and merchants starting in the 17th century,the eastern half of the continent was claimed by the British in 1770 and officially settled as the penal colony of New South Wales on 26 January 1788.As the population grew and new areas were explored,another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were successively established over the course of the 19th century.
On 1 January 1901,the six colonies federated and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed.Since federation,Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth Realm.The current population of around 20.4 million is concentrated mainly in the large coastal cities of Sydney,Melbourne,Brisbane,Perth and Adelaide.

Chinese designation : Australian Federal English designation : Commonwealth of Australia Capital : Canberra Area : 7,682. 300.00 square kilometers Population : 20.71 million (November 2006) Languages ...

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Chinese designation : Australian Federal English designation : Commonwealth of Australia Capital : Canberra Area : 7,682. 300.00 square kilometers Population : 20.71 million (November 2006) Languages : English, indigenous languages, Australian English is the official language. Currency : Australian nation : the United Kingdom and other European countries immigrants accounted for 95.2%, Asians accounted for 1.3%. indigenous peoples account for 1.5%, and other nationalities accounting for 2%. Religion : There is no state religion, 25% of the national no religion, Anglicans accounted for 21% Roman Catholics accounted for 27%, other Christian denominations account for 21%, other religious accounted for 6%. 【History of the early -- more than 40,000 years ago, it goes through Aboriginal Australia in this ancient land. Now, the total number of indigenous Australians is 410,003 1,000 (2001 census). According to historical records, in 1606. Spanish navigator Torres (Luis Vaez de Torres) ships transiting in Australia and New Island Guinea (Irian Island), between the two sides; the same year, William Dutch disabilities Duyifu Jane Root (Duyfken) have set foot in Australia and is the first recorded outside in the real landing in Australia. 1770. British navigator Captain Cook (Captain James Cook) discovered the east coast of Australia. will be named as "New South Wales", and announced that this piece of land is a British Dependent Territories. British first place Australia as a place of exile prisoners. January 18, 1788. Philippe led by the captain of a ship with six of a total fleet of 1,530 people arrived in Australia in the garden Bay (Botan y Bay), which includes 736 prisoners. Eight days after the January 26, 1788, They officially in Australia Port Jackson (Port Jackson) to establish a British colonial section, Later this place ever-growing population now become the first Australian city Sydney. The origins of the name is to commemorate the British Interior Minister Sydney (Sydney). Now, the annual January 26th is Australia's National Day. 1790, the first batch of the freedman from the British move to Australia, to Sydney, to the landlocked developing gradually, to 1803, the colonial area has been extended to today's cosmopolitan. The initial colonial agricultural survival depends only its natural conditions after the development of animal husbandry. To 1819, Australia's livestock industry has made a significant development. Maikase the captain and his wife jointly fostered by Australia earliest Lo Kok sheep. They grazing sheep total of 6,000. Colonial wool production is not only self-sufficient, but to the British exports to Australia in exchange for daily necessities. To 1850, the Australian shepherd has been quite developed, and the sheep herds total of 18 million. British wool imports more than half of the total from Australia. Sydney and Melbourne has been replaced in Hamburg, Germany, to become the world's most famous wool spreading center. 19 1950s, in New South Wales and Victoria, two state gold was found. Many from Europe, America and China and the influx of gold miners to. Australia's population in 1850 from 40 million in 1860 to surge to 110 million people. Later many important gold was discovered on January 1, the same period also found a large quantity of mineral resources, and these discoveries Let Australia prosperity and rapid development. [Federal] government and the British continuously resettled, In Australia the mainland gradually established six fragmentation of the colonial area (now become the six states of Australia, understandable for the six provinces), the New South Wales, Tasmania established colonial district, the Western Australian, South Australian, Victoria and Queensland, four in succession in 1829, 1836, in 1851 and in 1859 established colonial district, in 1900, then six use the same currency (GBP and pence), but fragmented, and even their own stamps seem to six countries in general. Between the colonial live in harmony, and links will be strengthened to establish a unified federal imperative. In 1900, all six of the colony residents held a vote in the referendum. voting decide whether the six colonies into a unified federal state, the voting result is six places to reunification, establish a single Commonwealth of Australia. January 1, 1901, six colonies united to form Federation, the Commonwealth of Australia was set up through the first Constitution. The six original colonial district has become subordinate to the six federal states. In 1927, relocated to the capital Canberra. 1931, the British Parliament passed the "Westminster Bill" so that Australia was an independent domestic and foreign policy autonomy become one of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Australia's nominal head of state is the king (or queen), the Queen's representative for the appointment of the Governor. But Australia does not interfere with the Governor actually the operation of the government. Australia to the federal government, six states and two territories (Northern Territory and the capital territory), the states with governor responsible for the state of affairs within. The Australian government by the majority party in the House or a coalition of parties, each government for a period of three years. Cabinet is the government's highest decision-making body, a total of 30 ministers. The country's highest administrative leaders of the prime minister. [Original History of the capital -- the Federation, Australia's capital city is Melbourne (1901 - 1927), then Sydney to Melbourne than bustling. With the growing prosperity of Sydney, Sydney, Sydney hope that the public is becoming the capital of Australia. The Australian government subsequently decided that in Sydney and Melbourne the construction of a new city Canberra, as the new capital. 1927, Canberra, the capital of Australia. Interestingly, the new capital is not situated in Sydney and Melbourne in the arcade before, it was about four hours drive Sydney, Melbourne distance of about seven-hour drive. Canberra, as a new city, the planning was very good. Canberra's urban design through an open international competition and the adoption of the program, the competition received 137 designs, Results from the American architect Griffin (Walter Burley Griffin) wins out, The designers initially portrayed by the Canberra street maps he and his wife (also an architect) painted in a common cotton in the past, this precious originals are still retained in the National Archives of Australia. [Geography and climate -- Australia in the southern hemisphere, with a total area of 7.7 million square kilometers, equivalent to four-fifths of China. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean west coastline of 37,000 km. Australia is the world's most uneven, most dry mainland, the central and western depressions are dry desert climate. can be as livestock and arable land is only 260,000 square kilometers. Coastal areas, especially the southeastern coastal areas suitable for farming and living. Here hilly, rich in water resources, fertile land. In addition to the South Coast, the entire coastal zone around the continent to form a "green belt" It is precisely this "green" upbringing of this country. However, Australia impoverished landlocked arid zone has very rich reserves of mineral resources, Australian iron ore reserves accounted for the second largest in the world. Australia climate than in Europe or the Americas moderate, especially in the northern, climate and Southeast Asia and the Pacific region similar. In Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, in January (summer) the average daytime temperature of 29 degrees Celsius. night to 20 degrees Celsius; and July (winter), the mean temperature is about 22 degrees Celsius and 10 degrees Celsius. New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania California and the State of South Australia in January the average daytime temperature of about 26 degrees Celsius at night to 16 degrees Celsius. and July were 15 degrees Celsius and 7.30 degrees Celsius. [Hereafter -- Folk Culture : Australians both Westerners straightforward, with the oriental reserved. Their broad interests, like sports, such as surfing, windsurfing, horse racing, fishing, ground ball movement, Australian rugby and swimming have many enthusiasts. Living in Australia indigenous people (also known as aboriginal), still protect their own customs. They hunting, "flew to the device" is their unique hunting weapons. Many of them are still living in using twigs and mud shelters, Wai cloth or a kangaroo skin absolutely and like the tattoo or body smeared all sorts of colors. Usually only in cheek, shoulder and chest scribbled some yellowish white color, festive ceremony at the dance festival or body painting. Tattoo for more broad-brush, some like rain, and some may wish Bellows, After rite of passage for indigenous people tattoo is not only decorative, but also to attract a lover. In rave parties, people wearing colorful decorations, painted body color stripes, dancing around the fire line. Dance simple, more to reflect the hunting life. With the passage of time, some indigenous tribes to leave gradually moving to urban living. Australia's indigenous peoples have preferential policies, including housing, employment, welfare for them into modern life to provide the necessary assistance. In tourist areas, indigenous art and crafts to tourists from all over the world are looking to buy one of the articles, These are indigenous sources of income. Unrestrained : Australians the best summation Australia is particularly keen among the free and unrestrained atmosphere. People call each other daily to its name (only name, and do not address surname), between employers and employees, teachers and students between the world. In two major cities of Sydney and Melbourne City Center, At noon on weekdays often can be seen wearing suits trim the white-collar or white-collar Beauty colleagues and friends gathered together, buildings sitting on the steps in front eat a simple lunch, such as sandwiches or hot dogs, white-collar workers eat lunch sitting in the street. Similarly modern metropolis, the same scene in Tokyo or Hong Kong this place is unimaginable. Australians civilized and courteous and helpful. Scarce in the crowd running in the streets, people even do not know each other will greet and greetings. If holding a bag of fruit in the street, a bag accidentally burst, the fruit roll on the ground, the people around will help immediately picked up, return your hands, but also someone you have a good bag or box, or what emergency substitutes, This is Australia. Weekend's prosperity : Australia feature of life in Australia. Weekly wages are generally made a (civil servants or large organizations is a fortnightly fat), wages are usually days on Thursday or Friday. Therefore, Australia's restaurants, bars, department stores weekly Friday, the six business is especially good day. In recent years, some large department stores and shopping centers have closed on Thursday night to extend the business hours of practice (Night Sho pping), meet every Thursday Salaried people. Some arrangements for the attention of those who spend, there will be a weekend of wealth, feudal poverty. That does not, because more than a few days, is also a happy weekend. 【-- Australian transport is very convenient traffic, aircraft, trains and automobiles are a major tourist transport. Airport : Australia's main international airport located in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Hobart, Adelaide, Cairns and Darwin. Aviation : China's Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Hong Kong have flights to Australia in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney. Opening up these routes airlines are Air China, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, Qantas Airways of Australia (Qantas Airways), and Cathay Pacific Airways. Arrived in Australia, will take Australia's domestic flights to major tourist destinations. By train : trains connecting major cities. Linking state capitals of long-distance trains, advanced facilities for air conditioning cars, mostly with sleeper cars and dining car. Package for the purchase of long-distance train travel is not only reasonably priced but also flexible use. The main train package Australia railway package (Austrailpass) and the Australian rail-day Tour package (Austrail Flexipass). Automobiles : a developed highway network. State highway between the capital of the same, most of the highway is free. [Economic Overview -- Australia is a territory of the developed capitalist countries. 2005 gross domestic product (GDP) is the first global ranking of 14, In economic cooperation and development (OECD) countries out of the top 11. O-developed agriculture and animal husbandry, rich natural resources, "riding on the sheep's back country" and "sitting on the tub countries, known as" abounds in sheep, cattle, wheat and sugar, is also the world's most important mineral resources production and exporting countries. Agriculture, mining industry for Australia traditional industries. Not developed enough manufacturing and high-tech industries in recent years with rapid development in the international market competitiveness has improved. Since the 1970s, Australia has gone through a major restructuring, tourism and the rapid development of service industries, GDP proportion gradually increased and has now reached around 70%. In recent years the Australian economy has continued to grow, the rate of economic growth in 2005 to 3.2%, from 1997 to date within a decade, average GDP growth rate of 3.6%. Of the outstanding economic problems is the low national savings rate. Australia in the early 1980s by the international impact of the external environment has undergone an economic recession, in 1992 the unemployment rate was as high as 12%, after the government and the National unremitting efforts, the past 10 years the Australian economy continued to improve, the government's financial loss, as the government's financial surplus, Australia since the beginning of 2001, to gradually reduce the annual personal income tax, The decline in the unemployment rate to 20 years to the lowest level. 2005 Australian economic statistics are as follows : Gross domestic product : 711.7 billion U.S. dollars per capita GDP : 34,757 U.S. dollars GDP growth rate : 3.2% Unemployment rate : 4.6% (in October 2006). Currency Name : Australian dollars. Exchange rate : 1 A = 0.81 U.S. dollars (April 2007). 【-- Australia's industrial to industrial mining, manufacturing and construction-based. 2004/2005 fiscal year mining output value of 34.042 billion Australian dollars, the GDP of 4.1%. Manufacturing output 88.324 billion Australian dollars, the GDP of 10.6%. The construction industry output value of 53.712 billion Australian dollars, the GDP of 6.5%. 【Farming -- farming was developed in Australia, agricultural and livestock products, the production and export of the national economy, has an important position, is the world's biggest wool and beef exporter. 2004/2005, agriculture and animal husbandry output value of 23.168 billion Australian dollars, GDP of 2.8%; Agricultural land 440 million hectares, accounting for the national land area 57%. 2004 agricultural employment 346,000 people. The main crops are wheat, barley, oilseeds, cotton, sugar and fruit. 【Services -- services is vigorously Asia and Australia the most important economic development and the fastest sector, 2004/2005, Services output of 595.446 billion Australian dollars, accounting for Australian GDP 65.3%. employment 6.99 million people, accounting for total employment of 74%. Service sector output is the highest in the industry, real estate and business services, finance and insurance industry, Services account for the output 10.3% and 8%. 1997-1998 to 2002-2003 in five years, the actual growth of the services sector 22%. which real estate and business services grew the fastest, respectively, over five years ago, the actual growth of 31%, with an average annual growth rate of 6%. This was followed by the communications services sector, 29% real growth, with an average annual growth rate of 6%. The slowest growth in the sectors of education, 9% real growth. [External Trade, Asia and Australia strongly dependent on the larger international trade. O 2004/2005 fiscal year the total 350.15 billion Australian dollars, accounting for about 42% of GDP. an increase of 12.7%. A visible trade deficit of 25.5 billion Australian dollars, up 1.4 billion by 2006. Which exports 162.308 billion Australian dollars, and imports were 187.842 billion Australian dollars. Total exports, the value of exports account for 76% of service trade, exports accounted for about 24%. Australia strongly Asia with more than 130 countries and regions have trade relations. 2004/05, Australia's major trading partners were Japan, China, the United States, South Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, Britain, Germany, China Taiwan region and Thailand. 【Tourism -- it is the Australian tourism vigorously Asia the fastest-growing sector. 2002/2003 year, the tourism industry output value reached 32 billion Australian dollars, the GDP of 4.2%. The past 10 years, overseas visitors to Australia the number of overall upward trend, but the Australian tourism industry is still only about one fourth of the output, Mainland tourists are still the leading tourism. 2003, Australia received 4.7459 million tourists from overseas trips, foreign exchange income, 16.7 billion Australian dollars, Australia exports about 11% of revenue. Australia is rich in tourism resources, the famous tourist cities and scenic spots are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, The Great Barrier Reef, the Gold Coast and Darwin, and so on. 【Famous specialty product -- including Australia-Australia (Opal, Australia specialty stones), sheep, cattle, Sheep oil, wine (red wine and white wine), the toy animals, aboriginal art, painting and other arts. Australia shops generally receive major international credit cards. 【Technological achievements -- Australia is often portrayed as a rural or agriculture-based country, Sometimes people in remote or backward impression, in fact this is misunderstanding, Australia has much to be proud of the technological achievements check pregnant women u