英语翻译The forces that act on a structure are called loads.They belong to one of two bread categories:dead load and live load.Dead loads are those that are permanent,including the weight of the structure itself,which is sometimes called the self

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英语翻译The forces that act on a structure are called loads.They belong to one of two bread categories:dead load and live load.Dead loads are those that are permanent,including the weight of the structure itself,which is sometimes called the self
英语翻译
The forces that act on a structure are called loads.They belong to one of two bread categories:dead load and live load.Dead loads are those that are permanent,including the weight of the structure itself,which is sometimes called the self-weight.In addition to the weight of the structure,dead loads in a building include the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings,partitions,and suspended ceilings (with light fixtures,mechanical equipment,and plumbing.) All of the loads mentioned thus far are forces resulting from gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.Live loads,which can also be gravity loads,are those that are not as permanent as dead loads.They may or may not be acting on the structure at any given time,and the location may not be fixed.Examples of live loads include furniture,equipment,and occupants of buildings.In general,the magnitude of a live load is not as well defined as that of a dead load,and it usually must be estimated.In many cases,a structural member must be investigated for various positions of a live load so that a potential failure condition is not overlooked.
If a live load is applied slowly and is not removed and is reapplied an excessive number of times,the structure can be analyzed as if the load were static.If the load is applied suddenly,as would be the case when the structure supports a moving crane,the effects of impact must be accounted for.If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure,fatigue stress becomes a problem,and its effects must be accounted for.Impact loading occurs in relatively few buildings,notably industrial buildings,and fatigue loading is rare,with thousands of load cycles over the life of the structure required before fatigue becomes a problem.For these reasons,all loading conditions in this book will be treated as static,and fatigue will not be considered.

英语翻译The forces that act on a structure are called loads.They belong to one of two bread categories:dead load and live load.Dead loads are those that are permanent,including the weight of the structure itself,which is sometimes called the self
dead load 固定负载
live load, 活荷载；活载重,活负载
地面装饰及地毯floor coverings
Partitions 隔墙系统
light fixtures灯具
厕、浴间设备plumbing fixtures
moving crane行走中的吊车
作用于一个建筑结构的力叫做“负载”.他们属于两个相对应的类别之一：固定负载和活负载.固定负载是那些恒定不变的负载,包括有时称为“自重”的建筑结构自身的重量.除了建筑结构的重量外,建筑物中的固定负载包括非建筑结构成分例如地毯、隔墙系统和吊顶(带有灯具,机械设备和厕、浴间设备.)的重量.因为所有提到的这些负载均因重力引起,故指的是“重力负载”.活负载（也可以是重力负载）不象固定负载那样恒定.它们可能在任何给定的时间作用于或离开建筑结构,而且活负载的位置也是不固定的.活负载的例子包括家具、设备和建筑居住者.一般来讲,活负载的大小通常不象固定负载那样有详细说明,它通常必须估计.多数情况下,必须研究构件不同作用位置的活负载以便于潜在的破坏条件不被忽视.
如果活负载被缓慢加载并且不被移走,以及频繁地重复加载,建筑结构的（受力情况）分析时可以把负载看作静态的.如果负载是突然加载的,例如该建筑结构支撑了一个行走的吊车的情况,就必须考虑到“冲击”的效应了.如果负载在建筑结构的整个寿命中多次加载和去除,疲劳应力成为一个问题,这种效应也必须计算在内.冲击性加载发生在相对较少的建筑物中,较明显的是工业性建筑,而（此类建筑中）疲劳性加载则很少见,建筑结构的整个寿命中有成千上万次的加载循环才需要考虑疲劳问题.因为这些原因,本书中所有负载条件用静态负载处理,而不考虑疲劳问题.

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施加在建筑结构上的各种力叫作负载。这些力均归类于两种范围之一: 静负载和活负载。静负载是永久性的，包括结构本身的重量，有时也被称作自重。除了建筑结构自身重量外，建筑物的静负载还包括非结构材料部分的重量，比如地板上的铺设层、分隔区和吊顶（灯具、机械设备和管道）。以上所涉及的负载均是由重力产生，也被称作重力负载。活负载也有可能由重力引起，但不像静负载那样具有永久性。它们可能会也可能不会始终对建筑结构施加压力，施力的位置也不一定是固定的。活负载的例子有家具、设备和建筑物里的人员。总而言之，活负载的量级没有像静负载一样准确界定，通常只能被估算。在许多情况下，各结构的活负载必须从多个角度进行测算才不会忽略可能存在的破坏性。如果一个活负载缓慢施加而不移除，并且很多次反复施加，就必须检查该结构上的负载是否为静态。如果负载是突然施加的，比如说在建筑结构上的一个移动中的起重机，就还必须把冲击力也计算进去。如果负载在建筑结构的整个使用寿命中不断地施加并移除，就会有疲劳应力的问题出现，其影响也要计算在内。冲击负载出现在较少建筑物中，主要是工业建筑物，疲劳应力也很罕见，因为在疲劳应力问题出现的前提是在建筑物的使用过程中有数千次的循环负载。
基于这些原因，本书里涉及的负载条件都会被认作为静态，而且疲劳应力没有考虑在内。
终于完工了。：）

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原文
The forces that act on a structure are called loads. They belong to one of two bread categories: dead load and live load. Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself, which is sometimes called the self-weight. In addition to the weight of the structure, dead loads in a building include the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings, partitions, and suspended ceilings (with light fixtures, mechanical equipment, and plumbing.) All of the loads mentioned thus far are forces resulting from gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. They may or may not be acting on the structure at any given time, and the location may not be fixed. Examples of live loads include furniture, equipment, and occupants of buildings. In general, the magnitude of a live load is not as well defined as that of a dead load, and it usually must be estimated. In many cases, a structural member must be investigated for various positions of a live load so that a potential failure condition is not overlooked.
If a live load is applied slowly and is not removed and is reapplied an excessive number of times, the structure can be analyzed as if the load were static. If the load is applied suddenly, as would be the case when the structure supports a moving crane, the effects of impact must be accounted for. If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure, fatigue stress becomes a problem, and its effects must be accounted for. Impact loading occurs in relatively few buildings, notably industrial buildings, and fatigue loading is rare, with thousands of load cycles over the life of the structure required before fatigue becomes a problem. For these reasons, all loading conditions in this book will be treated as static, and fatigue will not be considered
译文
对结构有所反应的军队叫做负荷。他们属于二个面包种类之一: 静止重量和活的负荷。静止重量是长备的那些, 包括结构本身的重量, 这有时被叫做自己者-重量。除了结构的重量之外，在一楝建筑物的静止重量包括非结构成份的重量 , 像是地板复盖，分割, 而且中止天花板 (由于轻的固定物，机械的设备和铅工业.) 迄今被提到的所有的负荷是军队起因于地心引力和被称为地心引力负荷。也可能是地心引力负荷的活负荷是不像静止重量一样的长备那些。他们可能或在任何的给予时间不可能对结构有所反应, 和位置不可能被修理。活负荷的例子包括建筑物的家具，设备和占有者。大体上, 活负荷的大小是不同样地很好地定义当做死负荷的, 和它通常一定被估计。在许多情况，一个结构的成员一定为一个活的负荷各种不同位置被调查，以便一种潜在的失败情况没被俯看。
如果一个活的负荷慢慢地被应用而且没被移动而且被再度使用一个时代的过度数字, 结构能被分析好像负荷是静态的。如果负荷突然被应用, 如同会是情形当结构支援感人的起重机的时候，冲击的效果一定被解释。如果负荷被在结构的生活之上许多次应用而且移动,疲累压迫力变成一个问题，而且它的效果一定被解释。冲击载入在相对少数建筑物，特别工业的建筑物和疲累载入中发生很稀有, 与数以千计负荷在结构的生活之上循环必需的在疲累变成一个问题之前。因为这些理由, 在这一本书的所有的载入情况将会被当做静电, 和疲累将不被考虑

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在结构行动的力量称装载。他们属于到二个面包类别之一：无用负载和动荷。无用负载是永久的那些，包括结构的重量，哪些有时叫自已重量。除结构的重量之外，无用负载在大厦包括重量nonstructural组分例如楼面料，分开，并且暂停的天花板(与灯具，机械设备，并且配管。)至今被提及的所有装载是力量起因于重力和指重力装载。动荷，哪些可能也是重力装载，是不是一样永久象无用负载的那些。他们可能或不可能在指定时候行动在结构，并且地点可能不是固定的。动荷的例子包括家具，设备，并且大厦的居住者。总之动荷的巨大没有被定义作为那无用负载，并且必须通常估计它。在许多情况下，结构件必须被调查因为动荷的各种位置，以便一个潜在的故障情况没有被忽略。
如果慢慢地应用动荷和没有被去除和被再应用过份次数，可以分析结构，好象装载静态的。如果突然应用装载，和实际情形，当结构支持一台移动的起重机，必须占冲击的作用。如果装载是应用的并且取消了很多次经过结构的生活，疲劳重音成为问题，并且必须占它的作用。冲击装货在相对地少量大厦发生，著名地工厂厂房，并且疲劳装货是罕见的，以数以万计，在疲劳成为问题之前，装载循环在需要的结构的生活期间。为这些原因，所有负荷状态在这本书对待静止，并且疲劳不会被考虑。
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